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 佛陀的修學歷程

一、出家

有一次,佛陀在憍薩羅國首都舍衛城南郊的祇樹給孤獨園,告訴比丘們說:

「比丘們!從前,在我還未出家時,過著極優渥與高雅的生活。我的父王為我建了春宮、夏宮、冬宮,那裡有著幽雅的環境,各種美食,各種高級服飾用品任我享用,還有詩人、藝妓相伴,讓我足不出戶也不會覺得孤單。

縱然過著那樣富裕的生活,但還是時常讓我想起,從前到宮外出遊時所看到老、病、死的恐怖與噁心景象,想到自己也會老、病、死,不禁生起想要脫離之心。

終於,有一天,我下了決心要解決人生老、病、死的大問題。在家人不捨的悲傷哭泣下,我剔除了鬚髮,穿上袈裟,離開王宮,開始了我的出家修道生活。那年,我二十九歲,正值充滿青春活力的年紀。」

二、修定

「比丘們!出家後,我清淨地守護著自己的身、口、意,首先來到大家尊稱為『仙人』的阿羅羅迦摩羅處修學。阿羅羅告訴我,他已修得了超越『一切識處』的『無所有處』禪定境界。我心想,阿羅羅能,我也能。於是精進修行,過了不久,我也體證了『無所有處』的境界。阿羅羅知道了,對我極為恭敬,與我平起平坐,且邀請我與他一同領眾弘法。然而,我心知『無所有處』之境界,仍不離情愛,不得解脫涅槃。所以,帶著對這種修行法的不滿意與失望,我離開了。

接著,我來到鬱陀羅摩羅子處修學。鬱陀羅告訴我,他已修得了超越『無所有處』的『非想非非想』禪定境界。我心想,鬱陀羅能,我也能。於是精進修行,過了不久,我也體證了『非想非非想』的境界。鬱陀羅知道了,也對我極為恭敬,與我平起平坐,且邀請我與他一同領眾弘法。然而,我心知『非想非非想』之境界,仍不離情愛,不得解脫涅槃。所以,帶著對這種修行法的不滿意與失望,我再度離開了。」

三、各種苦行

「我繼續在摩揭陀國境內尋尋覓覓,後來,來到靠近鬱卑羅地方的西那尼加碼村附近,發現了一處適合禪修的清淨林地,就留下來強練『閉氣禪』,想從中得到解脫涅槃。然而,縱然以我強大的毅力持續修練,但因極度強忍閉氣,造成身體強烈的頭痛、腹痛與灼熱感等,種種的身體痛苦與疲憊,使得身體過度負荷而得不到平靜。

之後,我又嘗試了裸體、持守各種飲食禁忌、以樹皮羽毛等各種奇怪東西當衣服、常站不坐、常蹲不站、以棘刺與鐵釘為床、一晚三浴、倒立而行、將身體吊離地面、受烈日曝曬、冬天坐冰塊、泡水、禁語等,種種常人難忍的奇怪苦行;長年不洗澡,讓身上積滿污垢,甚至於長出青苔的污穢行;小心每一個步伐,在乎每一滴水,以免傷害小蟲的謹慎行;離群索居的孤獨行;吃牛的糞便,吃自己糞尿的不淨行;住令人毛骨悚然的棄屍墓地,撿拾屍體殘骸為床,任人在身上吐痰、小便;又經歷了日食一粒麻、一粒米、一棗果的少食,以致於瘦弱到皮包骨而兩眼深陷,頭皮皺縮,手一放到肚皮上,就能摸到脊椎,身上的毛一摸就掉下來了,連小個便都會因體力不支而倒栽蔥。

這樣的修行,整整持續了六年。」

四、放棄苦行重返禪修

「我心想,這六年來我所修的苦行,是沒有人能比的,但依然不能讓我超越常人,這不是聖者之道。那麼,要達成正覺,應該還有其它方法吧!

於是,想起了從前我還是王子時,在樹下體驗到的初禪離欲、離不善法之喜與樂。既然都已離欲、離惡不善法,那應當是通往正覺之路,我為什麼要害怕,而避之唯恐不及地去修苦行呢?我不再害怕與排斥了。但以目前這樣虛弱的身體,實在不能再進入初禪,我應當先吃些食物,讓體力恢復過來才行。

當我開始接受食物時,當初伴我出家修行的五比丘,認為我已經半途而廢,放棄修道而墮落了,所以對我感到厭惡與鄙視。

恢復體力後,我看到一位名叫吉祥的人正在割草,於是,向他要了些草,到尼連禪河畔一棵菩提樹下鋪座禪修,並且下定決心,不得解脫涅槃,絕不離開。就這樣,我進入了一連七天的禪修。」

五、體證解脫的那一夜

「在持續的禪修中,我進入了初禪,再繼續經第二禪、第三禪,進入第四禪。就在第七天的初夜,我以第四禪的定力,憶起了我長遠以來的過去生,每一生中的種種生活細節,而證得了宿命通的第一智。

 到了中夜,再以第四禪的定力,通達了天眼神通,而能知曉眾生的各種業力,看見眾生死後依怎樣的業力往生何處,證得了生死神通的第二智。

 到了後夜,想起未出家以來就存在心裡的問題,亦即這生、老、病、死的流轉,實在讓此世間陷入極了大的苦惱,怎樣才能脫離這老與死的苦難呢?於是,又以第四禪的定力正思惟,生起具突破性的無間慧,了悟到老與死是因為生;有;取;愛;受;六入;名色;識等層層因緣,在當下身心活動的觀察下,由識而返,亦即了悟到識不也離於身心,識又緣於名色。我在這樣的正思惟中,覺了其中環環相扣的『流轉』面,關鍵就在問題根源的『集』,這樣的體證,讓我生起『眼、智、慧、明、光』的正覺,這是我前所未聞的無師自悟。

 接著,我又正思惟,生起具突破性的無間慧,了悟到生滅了,老與死才能滅;有;取;愛;受;六入;名色滅了,識才能滅,這樣,才能使全部苦迫息滅。我在這樣的正思惟中,覺了其中環環相扣的『還滅』面,讓我生起『眼、智、慧、明、光』的正覺,這又是我前所未聞的無師自悟。

 這樣的正思惟觀察,讓我發現了歷來諸佛走到正覺的古道!古道的內容是什麼呢?就是從『正見』到『正定』的『八正道』。追隨著這古道而修,就能如實知『老死……等』;知其『集』;『滅』;『滅之道跡』,亦即如實知眾生苦迫的流轉,苦迫流轉的原因何在,應當用什麼方法滅除,而能斬斷流轉生死的貪愛與無明,證得了滅盡煩惱的第三智,而成就了解脫生死的涅槃正覺。」


The Course of the Buddha’s Buddhahood Attainment

1. Leave home and become a monastic

Once upon a time, the Buddha was in Jeta's Grove, Anathapindada's Park
located in the south suburb of Sravasti, capital of Kosala. He told the monks:

“Bhikkhus, I was in a life of extremely comfortable and eloquent, my father the King constructed for me spring palace, summer palace and winter palace, the environment was elegant, various delicious foods, high class clothing and accessories were provided for my enjoyment. Accompanied by poets and female entertainers, I never felt lonely without venturing outside. Although living a lavish life, I often recalled the disgusting and horrible images of aging, illness and death. I could not help contemplating renunciation considering I would become old, ill and die someday.

Finally, one day, I determined to resolve the big problems confronting our lives of aging, illness and death. While my family members were weeping due to grudging, I shaved my hair and beard, put on the saffron robes of a mendicant, left the palace and began my monastic life. I was 29, in the prime of my life at that time.

2. Meditative Concentration practice

“Bhikkhus, after became a monastic, I quietly guarded myself against the faults formulated form bodily actions, speech, and thought and came to study Meditative Concentration under Alara Kalama, who everyone respectfully call him “immortal”. Alara told me that he had achieved the Meditative Concentration level of “Locus of Concentration on Nothingness” which is beyond the level of “Locus of All-inclusive Consciousness”. I contemplated in my mind: If Alara can, so can I. Therefore practiced diligently. Shortly afterward, I personally witnessed the level of “Locus of Concentration on Nothingness”. Alara treated me extremely respectful on an equal footing and invited me to lead the followers for preaching the Dharma. However, fully aware of the level of “Locus of Concentration on Nothingness” is still attached to craving, unable to enter Liberated Nirvana. Hence, I left with dissatisfactory and disappointment.

Afterward, I came to study under Uddaka Ramaputta who told me that he had achieved the Meditative Concentration level of “Concentration on Neither Perception Nor Non-perception”, which is beyond the level of “Locus of Concentration on Nothingness” I contemplated in my mind: If Uddaka can, so can I. Therefore practiced diligently. Shortly afterward, I personally witnessed the level of “Concentration on Neither Perception Nor Non-perception”. Uddaka treated me extremely respectful on an equal footing and invited me to lead the followers for preaching the Dharma. However, fully aware of the level of “Concentration on Neither Perception Nor Non-perception” is still attached to craving, unable to enter Liberated Nirvana. Hence, I left again with dissatisfactory and disappointment.

3. The practice of Austerities

“I continued my quest in the state of Kosala, arrived at Sinanigama Village near Ubira and discovered a secluded wooded area suitable for practicing meditation. I stayed to forcefully practice “Breathingless Meditation” with the purpose of achieving Liberated Nirvana. However, although I strived with my strong willpower to practice continuously, because of holding breath forcefully, resulting severe headache, stomachache and burning sensations in the body, such various physical suffering and fatigue caused the body overload hence unable to reach tranquility.

Afterward, I went naked, upheld precepts on food intake, I clothed myself in tree bark, in feather, in refused rags and other strange fabric, I was one who stood continuously, devoted to maintaining the squatting position. I was one who used a mattress of spikes; I made a mattress of spikes my bed. I dwelt pursuing the practice of bathing in water three times daily including the evening, I walked on my hands, I suspended myself off the ground, exposed myself to the scorching sun, sat on an ice block, socked in water in the winter and maintained silence, and all sort of strange austerities which ordinary people found unbearable: In practicing coarseness, I took no bath, dust and dirt accumulating over the years, some with moss, caked off my body and flaked off. In practicing scrupulousness, I was always mindful in stepping forwards and stepping backwards, I was full of pity even in regard to a drop of water thus: “Let me not hurt the tiny creatures in the crevices of the ground.”; In practicing seclusion, I would plunge into some forest and dwell there. In practicing great distortion in feeding, I would feed on the dung of the young suckling calves. As long as my own excrement and urine lasted, I fed on my own excrement and urine. I would make my bed in a charnel ground with the bones of the dead for a pillow. In practicing equanimity, I let people spat on me, urinated on me, yet I do not recall that I ever aroused an evil mind of hate against them. In practicing “purification comes about through feed”, I ate one grain of sesame a day, one grain of rice a day and one date a day. Because of eating so little, the gleam of my eyes sank far down in their sockets, my belly skin adhered to my backbone; thus if I wanted to touch my belly skin I encountered my backbone. Because of eating so little, if I wanted to defecate or urinate, I fell over on my face right there. Because of eating so little, I tried to ease my body by rubbing my limbs with my hands, the hairs, rotted at its roots, fell from my body as I rubbed. I conducted such austerities for a total of six years.

4. Discard Austerities and resume Meditative Concentration practice

“I contemplated that nobody could surpass me in the six years of austerities practicing, however, I still unable to reach the state of superhuman, this was not the path for the sage. Therefore, there should be alternative for true enlightenment attainment. Hence I remembered that while I was a prince, I experience the rapture and joy of departing from desire and unwholesome Dharma upon entering in to the state of First Meditative Concentration. Since desire and unwholesome Dharma could be departed, it should be the pathway to True Enlightenment, I should not have shun away from it due to fear and engaged in austerity practice? I felt fear and reject no more. However, I would not be able to enter into the state of the First Meditative Concentration under my fragile physical condition, I should eat some foods to restore my stamina.

When I began to take foods, the five bhikkhus who accompanied me to become monastic thought that I had given up halfway and became degraded, they looked down upon and disgusted with me.

After my physical conditions recovered, I saw Dhanya who was harvesting hays. I asked him for some hays to make a cushion and proceeded to the Nairanjana River bank sat under the bodhi tree and delved into Meditative Concentration practice. I also determined that I would not leave until reach Liberated Nirvana. As such, I entered a consecutive seven-day Meditative Concentration practice.

5. The night of Liberation Verification

“In the continuous Meditative Concentration practice, I entered into the First State Meditative Concentration, then continue into the Second, the Third, and the Fourth State Meditative Concentration. It was at the seventh day in the early night, utilizing the power of the Fourth Meditative Concentration, I recalled detailed of my life in each of my long ago previous life, and verified the First Wisdom of the Supernatural Power of the Knowledge of Previous Lifetimes.

In the middle of night, again, utilizing the power of the Fourth Meditative Concentration, attained the Supernatural Power of Heaven Eye wherein observed the full course of passage by sentient beings through the six destinies as the result of their individual karma and verified the Second Wisdom of the Supernatural Power of Birth and Death.

In the late night, I recalled the question lingered prior to my entering into monastic, which was the Continuity of Birth, Aging, Illness and Death, caused tremendous vexation of this world; how can we depart from the suffering of birth and death? Therefore, again, utilizing the Right Thought associated with the power of the Fourth Meditative Concentration, aroused the breakthrough of Uninterrupted Wisdom, realized that the Aging and Death were the results of the Cause and Condition of Birth, Becoming, Grasping, Craving, Sensation, The Six-Fold-Sphere of Sense Contact, Name and Form, and Consciousness; in observing activities of body and mind, retracting from Consciousness, I realized that Consciousness cannot be isolated from Body and Mind, and Consciousness is condition dependent upon Name and Form. It was during such Right Thought, I realized the key to the tightly interlocked sphere of Continuity, i.e., the ability of conditioned elements to continue in the action of cause and effect without stopping is “The Arising of Suffering”--the root of the question; such verification allowed me to arrive at the True Enlightenment, which encompassed of “Vision, Wisdom, Wisdom of Enlightenment, Unimpeded Light and the Manifestation of the Reality-Principle”. This was my unprecedented self-realization without being taught.

Afterward, utilizing the Right Thought, aroused the breakthrough of Uninterrupted Wisdom, realized that after Cessations of Birth, the Aging and Death are able to cease, after the Cessation of Becoming, Grasping, Craving, Sensation, The Six-Fold-Sphere of Sense Contact, Name and Form, the Consciousness are able to cease; as such, enable the annihilation of the total suffering and suppression. It was during such Right Thought, I realized the key to the tightly interlocked sphere of “Revert to Nothingness”, such verification allowed me to arrive at the True Enlightenment, which encompassed of “Vision, Wisdom, Wisdom of Enlightenment, Unimpeded Light and the Manifestation of the Reality-Principle”. This, again, was my unprecedented self-realization without being taught.

Such Right Thought observation allowed me to discover the Ancient Path, which utilized by the past Buddhas to reach enlightenment. What is the content of the Ancient Path? It is the “Eightfold Path of Enlightenment”, encompassing the paths from “Right View” to “Right Meditative Concentration”. Following the Ancient Path to practice, one could understand “Aging, Death . . . etc.”, understand the “Cause of Suffering”, “Annihilation”; “The Trace of Annihilation Path” as they really are; one could also understand the continuity of sentient beings’ Suffering and Suppression as they really are; the cause of the Suffering and Suppression continuity, what method should be utilized to eliminate the suffering; to be able to cut off the craving and ignorance which caused the Suffering and Suppression continuity, verified the Third Wisdom, which eliminated vexation, and achieved True Enlightenment Nirvana which liberated from Birth and Death.


按語:

一、本則故事第一段取材自《中阿含第一一七柔軟經》、《增支部第三集第三八經》,《長阿含第一遊行經》、《長部第一四大本經》,《中阿含第二○四羅摩經》、《中部第二六聖求經》。 第二段取材自《中阿含第二○四羅摩經》、《中部第二六聖求經》,《中部第三六薩遮迦大經》。 第三段取材自《中部第一二師子吼大經》、《增壹阿含第三一品第八經》,《中部第三六薩遮迦大經》。 第四段取材自《中部第三六薩遮迦大經》,《增壹阿含第三一品第八經》,《中阿含第二○四羅摩經》,《雜阿含第三六九經》、《雜阿含第三七○經》。 第五段取材自《中部第四佈駭經》、《增壹阿含第三一品第一經》,《中阿含第一五七黃蘆園經》、《增支部第八集第一一經》,《相應部第一二相應第六五經》、《雜阿含第二八七經》,《相應部第一二相應第一○經》、《雜阿含第二八五經》,《雜阿含第二八六經》,《相應部第一二相應第四經》、《雜阿含第三六六經》,《雜阿含第三六九經》、《雜阿含第三七○經》,《長阿含第一遊行經》、《長部第一四大本經》。

二、本則故事是從好幾部經文中拼成的,這僅是佛陀從二十九歲出家,到三十五歲正覺解脫的片段與略記。至於涵蓋佛陀一生的完整傳記,在《阿含經》中還不曾發現。依印順法師的意見,完整佛陀傳記的編成,其時間並不會太早(《原始佛教聖典之集成》第三五七頁)。或許,佛陀時代或早期的佛弟子,對佛陀傳的需求,並不是那麼的強烈吧。

三、佛陀的修學歷程,不論對佛法精髓與特色的認識,或是修行方法的抉擇,都會很有助益,是每一位學佛者都應該深入瞭解的。

四、「非想非非想定」,是當時印度修定的最高層次,其次,依序為「無所有定」、「識無邊定」、「空無邊定」、「第四禪定」、「第三禪定」、「第二禪定」、「初禪定」等八種。這八種定力,要依序深入,無法跳越。

五、《雜阿含經》中,多將「八正道」中「正定」的內容,解說為是從「初禪」到「第四禪」的「四禪」,可以說是特別重視這四種禪定的,這或許跟佛陀由「第四禪」開發神通,繼而觀緣起得解脫涅槃的修學經驗有關吧!

六、得解脫涅槃,一定要有「第四禪」的定力嗎?反之,得「第四禪」定力的修行者,必能因此定力而得解脫涅槃嗎?後者,從最初佛陀的修定,以及他那兩位修定老師都沒有解脫的事實,很容易就能分辨了。前者,無師而自悟的佛陀,是依這個模式成就的,但佛陀後來的教導,從經典文獻來看,倒不一定如此,如《中阿含第二○五五下分結經》、《中部第五二八城經》、《增支部第九集第三三經》、《增支部第九集第三六經》都說,從「初禪」到「無所有」的定力,都有機會契入解脫慧,這就是後來論典中所說的「七依定」(參閱故事〈法尚應捨,何況非法的感官欲樂〉按語三)。這或許是「無師自悟」的佛陀,與「聽聞佛法」聲聞阿羅漢的差別之一吧!

七、佛陀從老死苦迫開始作正思惟觀察,這即是緣起法的「此有故彼有」。但到底觀察的內容如何?經典的記載並不一致。《雜阿含經第二八五經》、《雜阿含經第二八六經》、《雜阿含經第三六六經》等三經,同為從「老死」經「生、有、取」,觀察到「愛」的五支。《雜阿含經第二八七經》說「齊識而還」,但後半段又說到「無明」,前後有十支與十二支的矛盾,而與之當的《相應部第一二相應第六五經》,主要為從「老死」觀察到「識」的十支,但最後又說到「行」,也顯得突兀。《相應部第一二相應第一○經》、《長阿含第一經》、《雜阿含第三七○經》都從「老死」說到「無明」,為十二支說。《長部第一四大本經》則說老死到識的十支。如果認為十二支中的「無明」與「行」,是指前世的部分,則以佛陀在當天的初夜與中夜,已由第四禪定力開發出宿命與天眼神通力,能觀完整的十二支,也說得通。如果從生死流轉的「集諦」──「愛」來看,五支的觀察已具備契入解脫的可能,如果從現實認識經驗與生理組成來看,「緣起的觀察,到達『識』,已不能再進一步,不妨到此為止。」「從無限生死來說,無明的覆蔽,愛的繫著,確是生死主因。解脫生死,也唯有從離無明與離愛去達到。我以為,十二緣起支,是受此說影響的。在緣起支中,愛已序列在受與取的中間,所以以行──身口意行(與愛俱的身語意行)來代替愛,成為十二支說。說到『此識身』以前,是三世因果說。以三世因果說緣起,應該是合於當時解脫生死的時代思想的。」(印順法師《初期大乘佛教之起源與開展》第二三九至二四○頁)從以上的引述來看,或許「齊識而還」的十支說,有較高的可能性吧。

八、經典中關於緣起內容的各種不同支數說明,印順法師在其《唯識學探源》〈緣起的解釋〉中,有詳細的引述與討論可以參考。其中,「詳細的並沒有增加,簡略的也並無欠缺」一句,應為該篇論述的精義。

九、作「緣起的逆順觀察」所得到的重要證悟,就是「苦、集、滅、道」的「四聖諦」了,此點在《相應部第一二相應第六五經》中有最清晰的描述。而《中部第四佈駭經》、《中部第三六薩遮迦大經》與《中阿含第一五七黃蘆園經》,甚且略去「緣起的逆順觀察」一段,只略說由「四聖諦」而得滅盡煩惱的第三智。


Notes:
1. The first paragraph of this story was derived from Madhyamagama 117th Sutra, Volume III, Anguttara-Nikaya 38th Sutra, Dirghagama !st Sutra, Digha Nikaya 14th Mahapadana Sutra, Madhyamagama 204th Sutra, and Majjhima Nikaya 26th Ariyapariyesana Sutra.

The second paragraph of this story was derived from Madhyamagama 204th Sutra, Majjhima Nikaya 26th Ariyapariyesana Sutra, and Majjhima Nikaya 36th Mahasaccaka Sutra.

The third paragraph of this story was derived from Majjhima Nikaya 12th
Mahasihanada Suttra, Chapter 31, Ekottarikagama 8th Sutra, and Majjhima Nikaya 36th Mahasaccaka Sutra.

The fourth paragraph of this story was derived from Majjhima Nikaya 36th Mahasaccaka Sutra, Chapter 31, Ekottarikagama 8th Sutra, Madhyamagama 204th Sutra, Samyuktagama 369th Sutra, and Samyuktagama 370th Sutra

The fifth paragraph of this story was derived from Majjhima Nikaya 4th Bhayabherava Sutra, Chapter 31, Ekottarikagama 1st Sutra, Madhyamagama 157th Sutra, Volume VIII, Anguttara-Nikaya 11th Sutra, Samyukta-nikaya 12th, Samyukta 65th Sutra, Samyuktagama 287th Sutra, Samyukta-nikaya 12th, Samyukta 10th Sutra, Samyuktagama 285th Sutra, Samyuktagama 286th Sutra, Samyukta-nikaya 12th, Samyukta 4th Sutra, Samyuktagama 366th Sutra, Samyuktagama 369th Sutra, Samyuktagama 370th Sutra, Dirghagama !st Sutra, and Digha Nikaya 14th Mahapadana Sutra.

2. This story was complied from several sutras; it was merely a synapse of the segments recording from the Buddha’s leave home to become a monastic at the age of 29 to his True Enlightenment and Liberation attainment at the age of 35. With regard to a completed biography covering his entire life, it has yet to be discovered in the Agama Sutras. According to Venerable Yin Shun, compilation of a complete biography of the Buddha should be relatively late in time. (Compilation of the Original Buddhist Sutra. p.357). Perhaps demand for the Buddha’s biography from the disciples during the Buddha’s time or during the early Buddhism was not so strong.

3. Every Buddhist follower should understand profoundly the course of the Buddha’s Buddhahood attainment. It would be very beneficial regardless to the understanding of the Dharma’s characteristic and essence or selecting ways of practice.

4. “Concentration on Neither Perception Nor Non-perception” was the highest level of meditative concentration in India at that time; the order of practice is “Concentration on Nothingness”, “Concentration on Infinite Consciousness”, “Concentration on Infinite Space”, “The Fourth Meditative Concentration”, “The Third Meditative Concentration”, “The Second Meditative Concentration”, and “The First Meditative Concentration” with a total of eight types of concentration. Practicing these eight types of concentration must advance in its sequence, skipping is prohibited.

5. The Samyuktagama Sutra explains “Right Concentration” in the “Eightfold Noble Path” as the “Four Meditations” which progresses from “The First Meditative Concentration” to “The Fourth Meditative Concentration”, putting greater emphasize on these four types of Meditative Concentration. Perhaps it has some to do with the Buddha’s course of Buddhahood attainment during which developed Supernatural Power from “The Fourth Meditative Concentration”, then gaining insight into the nature of Condition Origination and achieved Liberated Nirvana.

6. In order to achieving Liberated Nirvana, would it be indispensable to possess the power of “The Fourth Meditative Concentration”? Conversely, possesses the power of “The Fourth Meditative Concentration” would certainly achieve Liberated Nirvana? Judging from the process of the Buddha’s Meditative Concentration practice and the fact that his two teachers had yet to achieve Liberation, it would be easy to distinguish the latter. As to the former, the Buddha was relying upon such model to reach self-realization without a teacher. However, based upon the sutra and literature which record the Buddha’s teaching, it is not always necessarily so. For instance, “Madhyamagama 2055th Sutra, Majjhima Nikaya 528th Sutra, Volume IX, Anguttara-Nikaya 33th Sutra, and Volume IX, Anguttara-Nikaya 36th Sutra universally indicate that there is opportunity to intersect with Liberation by Wisdom through the Concentration Power that derived from “The First Meditative Concentration” to “Concentration on Nothingness”, this is the so called “Seven Reliance Meditative Concentration” reflected in the Explanatory Treatise in the later Buddhism. (See Note 3, in story “Even Dharma Should be Discarded Much Less the Non-Dharma Sensational Craving”). Perhaps it was one of the differences between the Buddha who achieved self-realization without a teacher and those who achieved Arahatship through “Hearing the Dharma”.

7. The Buddha observed Aging, Death, Suffering and Suppression through “Right Thought”, which was the “This Arise thus That Arise” based upon “Dependent Origination”. However, there were inconsistencies regarding the contents of observation. The three sutras of “Samyuktagama 285th Sutra”, “Samyuktagama 286th Sutra” and “Samyuktagama 366th Sutra” commonly recorded the observation from the five factors of “Aging and Death”, through “Birth, Having, Grasping” then “Craving”. “Samyuktagana 287th Sutra” stated “Reaching Consciousness and Return” but mentioned “Ignorance” in the second half of the paragraph, resulting a contradiction between the tenth and twelfth factor. “Anguttaka-Nikaya 12th Anguttaka 65th Sutra” mainly observed the ten factors from “Aging, Death” to “Consciousness”, but finally covered “Action Intentions” which shows somewhat lofty. “Anguttaka-Nikaya 12th Anguttaka 10th Sutra”, “Dirghagama 1st Sutra”, and “Samyujtagana 370th Sutra” universally stated the “Twelve Factors” from “Aging and Death” to “Ignorance”, which is the “Treatise of Twelve Factors”. “Digha Nikaya 14th Mahapadana Sutra” mentioned ten factors covering “Aging, Death to Consciousness”. If considering “Ignorance” and “Action-Intentions” are from the past life, it could be acceptable because the Buddha was able to observe the twelve factors through development of the “Supernatural Power of the Knowledge of Previous Lifetimes” and “Supernatural Power of the Heavenly Eye” derived from the Fourth Meditative Concentration Power during the Early Night and Middle Night of his enlightenment. If from the perspective of “Continuity of Birth and Death”, the noble truth of the arising of suffering —Craving, observation of five factors has equipped with the possibility of intersection with liberation. If from the perspective of experience gathered from realistic understanding, and physiological composition, “Once arrival at Consciousness, observation of Dependent Origination can no longer move forward, there is no harm in stopping there”, “Speaking of immeasurable terms of birth and death, obscured by ignorance, clinging to craving are indeed the major cause of birth and death.”. Liberation from birth and death can only be achieved through separation from ignorance and separation from craving. In my view, this treatise influences Twelve Factors of Dependent Origination. In the factors of Dependent Origination, Craving has been listed between Sensation and Grasping, Therefore utilizing Action-Intention-- Bodily actions, speech, and thought (The Action-Intention, bodily actions, speech, and thought that is comparable with Craving) to replace Craving, formulating the treatise of The Twelve Factors. Prior to discussing “This Consciousness Body” was the treatise of The Three Worlds of Cause and Effect. Utilizing The Three Worlds of Cause and Effect to explain Dependent Origination should be in line with the thoughts of Liberation from Birth and Death at that time.” (Origin and Development of the Early Manayana "Great Vehicle" Buddhism, Venerable Yin Shun, pp239-240). Based on the above reference, perhaps the Ten Factors of “Reaching the Consciousness and Return” would seem to have higher probability.

8. Regarding number of factors in the Dependent Origination noted in various sutras, Venerable Yin Shun provided for reference in greater details in elaboration and discussion in his books “Quest the Source of Consciousness Only” and “Explaining the Dependent Origination”. The words “Detailed did not increase, sketchy did not diminish” in the writings should serve as essence of the article.

9. The important verifications obtained from “Forward and Backward Observation of Dependent Origination” is the “Four Noble True” “: the truth of suffering, the truth of the arising of suffering, the truth of the cessation of suffering, and the truth of the path to the cessation of suffering”. The clearest description of such notion can be found in Angutaka-nikaya 12th Anguttaka 65th Sutra. On the other hand, Majjhima Nikaya 4th Bhayabherava Sutra and Majjhima Nikaya 36th Mahasaccaka Sutra and Madhyamagama 157th Sutra even omitted the paragraph of “Forward and Backward Observation of Dependent Origination” and briefly touched upon obtaining “The Third Wisdom of cessation of vexation through Four Noble Truth.